Figure 2Sex chromosome system and sex-specific aging rate in 36 amphibian species. (A) Sex differences in aging rate across amphibians: for a given species, the sex difference was measured as the ratio [(male aging rate)/(female aging rate)]. (B) Bayesian stochastic mapping implemented in the R package phytools used to infer the sex chromosome system in species for which genetic sex-determination system was not documented (26 of 36 species)—Bayesian posterior probabilities for tips are provided in Supporting Information Table S2. We considered 111 amphibian species for which sex chromosome system documented in online databases (Tree of Sex Consortium 2014; Perkins et al. 2019) and recently published papers (Jeffries et al. 2018; Dufresnes et al. 2020). The 36 species considered in our study are mapped along the tree. 1: Bombina pachypus, 2: Bombina variegata, 3: Pelobates cultripes, 4: Pelobates fuscus, 5: Rana temporaria, 6: Rana luteiventris, 7: Rana cascadae, 8: Rana muscosa, 9: Rana sierrae, 10: Rana areolata, 11: Pelophylax esculentus, 12: Pelophylax caralitanus, 13: Pelophylax perezi, 14: Eleutherodactylus coqui, 15: Rhinoderma darwinii, 16: Litoria aurea, 17: Pseudacris maculata, 18: Hyla molleri, 19: Epidalea calamita, 20: Bufo spinosus, 21: Bufo bufo, 22: Rhinella schneideri, 23: Rhinella rubescens, 24: Anaxyrus fowleri, 25: Anaxyrus boreas, 26: Ambystoma maculatum, 27: Salamandra salamandra, 28: Pleurodeles waltl, 29: Paramesotriton hongkongensis, 30: Triturus marmoratus, 31: Triturus carnifex, 32: Triturus cristatus, 33: Notophthalmus viridescens, 34: Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, 35: Plethodon jordani, 36: Plethodon cinereus. (C) Variation of ratio [(male aging rate)/(female aging rate)] in XY and ZW systems. We also provide the posterior probability distribution (curve filled in gray) of the effect size for the sex chromosome system on the ratio [(male aging rate)/(female aging rate)] obtained from Bayesian univariate mixed models (mean estimates and 95% CI are shown in full and dashed lines, respectively). (D) Posterior probability distribution of aging rate in heterogametic (XY) and homogametic (ZZ) males from the bivariate mixed model; the posterior distribution probability on the left shows the effect size for sex chromosome system across males. (E) Posterior probability distribution of aging rate in heterogametic (ZW) and homogametic (XX) females from the bivariate mixed model; the posterior distribution probability on the left shows the effect size for sex chromosome system across females.
Image published in: Cayuela H et al. (2022)
Copyright © 2022. Image reproduced with permission of the Publisher.
Permanent Image Page
Printer Friendly View
XB-IMG-200520